Michigan State Normal School at the Columbian World's Fair

Introduction

four-year college degree See “The Transformational Sill Era.”

one international observer E. Österberg, “Observations Concerning American Education,” in Report of The U.S. Commissioner of Education for the Year 1892-93 (vol. 1, containing parts I and II, Washington: Government Printing Office, 1895), 629.

The Founding of the Normal School

Notes on Education at the Columbian Exhibition John Eaton, “Notes on Education at the Columbian Exhibition,” in Report of The U.S. Commissioner of Education for the Year 1892-93 (vol. 1, containing parts I and II, Washington: Government Printing Office, 1895), 1112. 

The law’s preamble Acts of the Legislature of the State of Michigan Passed at the Annual Session of 1849 (Lansing: Munger & Pattison, 1849), 157-8.

these lofty words Daniel Putnam, A History of the Michigan State Normal School (Now Normal College) at Ypsilanti, Michigan 1849-1899 (Ypsilanti: The Scharf Tag, Label & Box Co., 1899), 18.

a 1902 speech May Hurd, “The Fiftieth Anniversary of the Dedication of the First Normal School Building at Ypsilanti, 1852-1902–Monday, October 6, 1902,” Normal News (Ypsilanti), October, 1902, 2.

first catalog from 1853 Catalogue of the Officers and Members of the Michigan State Normal School, State Teachers’ Institute, and State Teachers’ Association (Detroit: E. A. Wales, 1853).

first five In 1850 a fifth normal school had opened. The first five state normal schools were: Lexington (later Framingham), MA, 1839; Barre (later Westfield), MA, 1839; Bridgewater, MA, 1840;  Albany, NY, 1844; New Britain, CT, 1850. Christine A. Ogren, The American State Normal School: An Instrument of Great Good (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), 213-235.

combat collegiate critics See, for example, Professor August Lodeman’s article “Place and Function of the Normal School.” Michigan School Moderator 8 (1887): 130-4, 155-6.

a low of 167 E. R. Isbell and Donald W. Disbrow, “The Michigan State Normal School and the Civil War,” in Michigan Institutions of Higher Education In the Civil War, ed. Willis Frederick Dunbar (Lansing: Michigan Civil War Centennial Observance Commission, 1964), 93.

The Transformational Sill Era

final report to the State Board of Education J. M. B. Sill, “Normal School: Report of the Principal for the School Year 1892-93,” in Report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction (Lansing: State Printers, 1893), 265-274.

tables I and II Table II was displayed at the Columbian Exposition, and is included in the reconstructed Exhibit.

the Normal specified Melba M. Miller, “Development of a Four Year Course at the Michigan State Normal College.” Unpublished manuscript, EMU Archives, [1949].

The World’s Columbian Exposition

New York Times reported “Beauties of the Big Fair: Enthusiasm of Visitors to the ‘White City’ in Chicago.” New York Times, Jun 26, 1893, 5.

International Congress of Education Proceedings of the International Congress of Education at the World's Columbian Exposition. New York: National Educational Association, 1894.

Ernest P. Goodrich wrote Ernest P. Goodrich papers, EMU Archives. Presumably Goodrich misremembered the date of the Great Comet of 1882, one of the brightest comets in recorded history.

The Michigan State Normal School Exhibit

Catalogue of the Public School Exhibit of the State of Michigan Ferris S. Fitch Catalogue of the Public School Exhibit of the State of Michigan (Pontiac: 1893), 49, 22. A copy of this publication is attached to this Google Books version of The Act of the Legislature Creating the Board of World's Fair Managers for the State of Michigan.

The Gibsons and their staff Frank H. Smith, Art, History, Midway Plaisance and World's Columbian Exposition (Chicago: Foster Press, 1893), 98.

Julie K. Brown Julie K. Brown, Contesting Images: Photography and the World’s Columbian Exposition (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1994), 83. Gibson sold photos to several publishers, who published them under different titles. Gibson’s Midway photos were serialized in The Chicago Times Portfolio of the Midway Types and collected in books including Midway Types: A Book of Illustrated Lessons about the People of the Midway Plaisance. The Magic City: A Massive Portfolio of Original Photographic Views of the Great World’s Fair covers a broader range of Exposition subjects.

Venetian gondoliers J. W. Buel, The Magic City: A Massive Portfolio of Original Photographic Views of the Great World’s Fair (St. Louis and Philadelphia: The Historical Publishing Company, 1894), 181.

The Pokagon Wigwam

her speech Eastern Michigan University Archives

lifelong friendship Kelly Wisecup, “Printing and Circulating Simon Pokagon’s The Red Man’s Rebuke and The Red Man’s Greeting.” In As Sacred to Us: Simon Pokagon's Birch Bark Stories in Their Contexts, ed. Blaire Morseau (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2023), 87.

his speech Pokagon, Simon, Philip J. Deloria, and John N. Low. "The Architecture of Simon Pokagon—In Text and on Display." In Ogimawkwe Mitigwaki (Queen of the Woods), by Simon Pokagon (Michigan State University Press, 2011), 8.

Last hereditary chief Theodore J. Karamanski. Blackbird's Song: Andrew J. Blackbird and the Odawa People. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 2012.

A letter Grace Walz. “Andrew Jackson Blackbird of L’Arbre Croche.” MA Thesis, Western Michigan University, 1964.

The Old Main Building

1870s Photo from Mrs. J. H. Parsons Photographic Gallery. Cathelia Newman Photograph Collection. Bentley Historical Library.

about 1890 The State Normal School of Michigan: Its Plan and Purpose and an Outline of Its Work

tornado “Dr. Gorton Gives History About Observation Dome.” The Normal News, April 29, 1926.

this account Austin George, “The Michigan State Normal School in the Civil War,” in A History of the Michigan State Normal School (Now Normal College) at Ypsilanti, Michigan 1849-1899 by Daniel Putnam (Ypsilanti: The Scharf Tag, Label & Box Co., 1899), 279.

Putnam relates Daniel Putnam, A History of the Michigan State Normal School (Now Normal College) at Ypsilanti, Michigan 1849-1899 (Ypsilanti: The Scharf Tag, Label & Box Co., 1899), 23.

oldest items Ruth Burgar Alford, “Miss Ruth Hoppin, Preceptress and Botanist 1833-1903.” The Michigan Botanist 13 (1974): 10-31.