References and Suggestions for Further Reading
Introduction
four-year college degree See “The Transformational Sill Era.”
one international observer E. Österberg, “Observations Concerning American Education,” in Report of The U.S. Commissioner of Education for the Year 1892-93 (vol. 1, containing parts I and II, Washington: Government Printing Office, 1895), 629.
The Founding of the Normal School
Notes on Education at the Columbian Exhibition John Eaton, “Notes on Education at the Columbian Exhibition,” in Report of The U.S. Commissioner of Education for the Year 1892-93 (vol. 1, containing parts I and II, Washington: Government Printing Office, 1895), 1112.
The law’s preamble Acts of the Legislature of the State of Michigan Passed at the Annual Session of 1849 (Lansing: Munger & Pattison, 1849), 157-8.
these lofty words Daniel Putnam, A History Of The Michigan State Normal School (Now Normal College) at Ypsilanti, Michigan 1849-1899 (Ypsilanti, MI: The Scharf Tag, Label & Box Co., 1899), 18.
a 1902 speech May Hurd, “The Fiftieth Anniversary of the Dedication of the First Normal School Building at Ypsilanti, 1852-1902–Monday, October 6, 1902,” Normal News (Ypsilanti, MI), October, 1902, 2.
first catalog from 1853 Catalogue of the Officers and Members of the Michigan State Normal School, State Teachers’ Institute, and State Teachers’ Association (Detroit, E. A. Wales, 1853).
first five In 1850 a fifth normal school had opened. The first five state normal schools were: Lexington (later Framingham), MA, 1839; Barre (later Westfield), MA, 1839; Bridgewater, MA, 1840; Albany, NY, 1844; New Britain, CT, 1850. Christine A. Ogren, The American State Normal School: An Instrument of Great Good (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), 213-235.
combat collegiate critics See, for example, Professor August Lodeman’s article “Place and Function of the Normal School.” Michigan School Moderator 8 (1887): 130-4, 155-6.
Suggestions for Further Reading:
Isbell, Egbert R. A History of Eastern Michigan University: 1849-1965. Ypsilanti, MI: Eastern Michigan University Press, 1971.
Putnam, Daniel. A History Of The Michigan State Normal School (Now Normal College) at Ypsilanti, Michigan 1849-1899. Ypsilanti, MI: The Scharf Tag, Label & Box Co., 1899.
The Transformational Sill Era
final report to the State Board of Education J. M. B. Sill, “Normal School: Report of the Principal for the School Year 1892-93,” in Report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction (Lansing, MI: State Printers, 1893), 265-274.
tables I and II Table II was displayed at the Columbian Exposition, and is included in the Virtual Exhibit.
the Normal specified Melba M. Miller, “Development of a Four Year Course at the Michigan State Normal College.” Unpublished manuscript, EMU Archives, [1949].
Suggestions for Further Reading:
Isbell, Egbert R. A History of Eastern Michigan University: 1849-1965. Ypsilanti, MI: Eastern Michigan University Press, 1971.
Putnam, Daniel. A History Of The Michigan State Normal School (Now Normal College) at Ypsilanti, Michigan 1849-1899. Ypsilanti, MI: The Scharf Tag, Label & Box Co., 1899.
Sill, J. M. B. “Report of Principal, State Normal School.” In Michigan Department of Public Instruction, Report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction: 1893, Part II, pp. 265-274. Michigan: State Printers, 1893.
Ogren, Christine A. The American State Normal School: An Instrument of Great Good. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
The World’s Columbian Exposition
New York Times reported “Beauties of the Big Fair: Enthusiasm of Visitors to the ‘White City’ in Chicago.” New York Times, Jun 26, 1893, 5.
International Congress of Education Proceedings of the International Congress of Education at the World's Columbian Exposition. New York: National Educational Association, 1894.
Suggestions for Further Reading:
The World’s Columbian Exposition by Kimberly Kutz Elliott, from Smarthistory: The Center for Public Art History
1893 World’s Fair from Chicagology
Chicago00: 1893 World's Columbian Exposition a VR experience
The City Beyond The White City: Race, Two Chicago Homes, and Their Neighborhoods 1892–2022 from the Society of Architectural Historians & Charnley-Persky House Museum Foundation
The Michigan State Normal School Exhibit
Catalogue of the Public School Exhibit of the State of Michigan Ferris S. Fitch Catalogue of the Public School Exhibit of the State of Michigan (Pontiac, MI: 1893), 49, 22. A copy of this publication is attached to this Google Books version of The Act of the Legislature Creating the Board of World's Fair Managers for the State of Michigan.
The Gibsons and their staff Frank H. Smith, Art, History, Midway Plaisance And World's Columbian Exposition (Chicago: Foster Press, 1893), 98.
Julie K. Brown Julie K. Brown, Contesting Images: Photography and the World’s Columbian Exposition (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1994), 83. Gibson sold photos to several publishers, who published them under different titles. Gibson’s Midway photos were serialized in The Chicago Times Portfolio of the Midway Types, but collected in books like Midway Types: A Book of Illustrated Lessons about the People of the Midway Plaisance. The Magic City: A Massive Portfolio of Original Photographic Views of the Great World’s Fair contained a broader selection of Exposition subjects.
Venetian gondoliers J. W. Buel, The Magic City: A Massive Portfolio of Original Photographic Views of the Great World’s Fair (St. Louis and Philadelphia: The Historical Publishing Company, 1894), 181.
Suggestions for Further Reading:
Brown, Julie K. “Missing Persons: Identity Photography and Workers at the 1893 Chicago World’s Columbian Exposition.” History of Photography 44(2020):1, 36-49, DOI: 10.1080/03087298.2020.1820693
The Pokagon Wigwam
Pokagon, Simon, Philip J. Deloria, and John N. Low. "The Architecture of Simon Pokagon—In Text and on Display." In Ogimawkwe Mitigwaki (Queen of the Woods), 1. Ireland: Michigan State University Press, 2011.
Suggestions for Further Reading:
Deloria, Philip Joseph. Playing Indian. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998.